IMPACT OF CYCLING ON MENTAL HEALTH AND SELF-ESTEEM IN THE ELDERLY

The elderly are an age group that is vulnerable to changes due to the aging process and these changes cause problems that can affect the quality of life of the elderly. This study aims to find out the impact of cycling activities on mental health and self-esteem in the elderly. Metode research used in this study method Causal-comparative research (ExpostFacto). The design used in this study is criterion-groupdesign. This research uses sampling techniques using non probability sampling,i.e. by purposive sampling. The sample in this study amounted to 40 people divided into 2 groups between the elderly who were active cycling and the elderly who were not active in sports. This study used two measuring instruments in the form of questionnaires, namely Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 42 (WATERSHED 42) and Self-Esteem Rating Scale (SERS). Data analysis is processed using SPSS software version 25. The results showed that there were differences in mental health and self-esteem between elderly people who were actively cycling and the elderly who were not active in sports judging from the t-test with Sig. (2 Tailed< 0.05 by drawing Sig conclusions. (2-tailed) mental health by 0,000 < 0.05 and self-esteem by 0.000 < 0.05. That is, cycling activities have an impact on the mental health and self-esteem of the elderly.


INTRODUCTION
Exercise is no longer a means of meeting the needs for the body to be healthy, more than that exercise can now be a healthy life style. Sports activities are certainly various types, such as running, swimming, cycling and many others.
Cycling can help to improve fitness and cycling is also one form of aerobic exercise.
Bicycle riding has been researched in various ways as a health-enhancing recreational activity (Kaczynski & Henderson, 2007;Dunlap et al., 2020). Cycling activities also not only have a positive impact on health, but provide benefits to a person's mental health. In addition, recreational cycling provides physiological and social benefits as well as contributes significantly to the rider's sense of happiness (Yu and Tian, 2013;Chen & Chancellor, 2019).
One indicator of the level of public health is the increasing life expectancy.
With the increasing life expectancy, it means more and more elderly residents (elderly). The elderly are an age group that is prone to changes due to the aging process. These changes cause problems that can affect the quality of life of the elderly. There are several categories of old age, WHO classifies old age consisting of middle age (middle age) age group 45-59 years, elderly age group 60-70 years, old age(old)age group between 75-90 years, very old age (very old) age group over 90 years. According to the Ministry of Social Affairs, the number of elderly in Indonesia is more than 10% of the population by 2020. Currently the population in the country reaches 269.9 million people. The population over the age of 60 reached 28.7 million people. This means that more than 10.6% of indonesia's population is elderly.
The fact that is happening today in all countries is the lack of active elderly in doing physical activity. With the growth of the elderly population, it is a challenge to promote active transportation among the elderly as a health promotion (Wanner et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2016). According to some of the above studies,  Samra et al., 2018). One form of physical activity is with cycling activities. Cycling is an activity involving physical and psychosocial (Leslie et al. 2004). This is because cycling is an activity that can be done outdoors, relax, feel the natural atmosphere and recreation. Cycling and walking are obviously popular activities, whether for sports, recreation, sports, or simply for relaxation and enjoyment of the outdoors (Turner, Shawn;Sandt, Laura;Toole, Jennifer;Benz, Robert;Patten 2006). When looking at psychological factors, older adults report that the benefits they get from physical activity are helpful in maintaining mobility and improving physical and mental health (Witcher et al., 2016;Samra et al., 2018). Mactivation affects a person's interests and willingness in carrying out an activity. Influence from inside and outside the individual, encouraging a person to do or carry out his or herdesires. Giving motivation to individuals gives a lot of energy. All of that can be felt when motivation has penetrated oneself (Alba et al., 2019).
There are several other references that physical activity can affect mental health such as statements from (Mummery, Caperchione, and Schofield 2003) Heru Herdiana Nugraha, Nurlan Kusmaedi, Yusup Hidayat, Hasanul Fitrah Alba, (2022) Impact of Cycling on Mental Health and Self-Esteem in The Elderly

| Halaman Olahraga Nusantara copyright@ Heru Herdiana Nugraha
suggesting that involvement in moderate activity on a regular basis or as part of leisure, exercise, work, and transportation can provide a number of psychological benefit factors. These include cognitive function, reduction of symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders, and improved self-control and self-ability. There are also other references that cycling activities are related to mental health.
Statement from Synek (2019) "thereis ample evidence that cycling to work correlates positively with physical activity and hence physical health particularly in regard to the human cardiovascular system and mental health" or it can be interpreted that there is ample evidence that cycling to the workplace is positively correlated with physical activity and therefore physical health, especially with regard to the human cardiovascular system and mental health.
Then based on the results of research from Crane (2014) stated the results of his research, namely "The findings reveal that formen surveyed for this study, frequent (weekly) cycling is specifically associated with physical health facets of QoL and that any frequency of cycling is positively associated with psychological wellbeing" revealed that the results From this research survey, cycling is often (weekly) specifically associated with the physical health aspects of quality of life and that each frequency of cycling is positively associated with psychological wellbeing. And based on the results of research from Raglin (in Callaghan, 2004) states that "General findings show that exercise improves mood state and self-esteem, and lowers stress dispositions, a factor known for aggravating mental and physical disorders alike" or exercise improves mood and self-esteem, and decreases the disposition of stress, a factor known to worsen mental and physical disorders. In addition, based on Bhamani's research (2015) entitled "Depression and its Association with functional status physical activity in the elderly in Karachi, Pakistan" states that improving functional status and physical level is a method of cost-effective, both as a preventive health promotion and self-management strategies to address the mental health of the elderly,especially in low and middleincome countries such as Pakistan and need more research in this field. On that basis,researchers assume that physical activity through cycling activities can maintain the mental health of the elderly and also increase elderly self-esteem. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out the impact of cycling activities on mental health and self-esteem in the elderly.

METHOD
The of research used in this study is a quantitative approach to the Causalcomparative research (Expost-Facto) method. The purpose of causal comparative is the researcher's effort to determine the cause or consequences of differences that already exist between or between groups of individuals. Expost-facto research is a study in which free variables have occurred when researchers begin with the observation of bound variables in a study (Fraenkel, 2012). The design used in this study was criterion-group design,selecting two or more different groups based on specific variables of concern and comparing them based on variables or some other variable (Suherman &Rahayu, 2015).
The sample in this study is lansia located in Pangandaran Subdistrict, using sampling techniques using non probability sampling,namely by purposive sampling. The samples were aged 45-59 years(middle age)and ages 60-74 Data on stability were not reported'.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Data collected through the instrument angket,then processed and analized using a ststistic approach. The data analyzed in this study is data from the results of Mental Health questionnaires using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 42 (WATERSHED 42), Self-Esteem questionnaire using Self-Esteem Rating Scale (SERS) in the bicycle community located in Pangandaran District.Hypothesis testing is done using independent analysis of t-test samples. Confidence interval value of 95% and significant value of < 0.05 by making a conclusion decision when Sig.(2-tailed)< 0.05 means H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. Here are the results of the research data test: influence on the improvement of physical fitness, but can improve the working function of the human brain, especially in cognitive work and mental health. In addition there are also those who get "The benefits ofphysical activity, on both physical as well as mental health of the elderly have been shown by a number of studies" (Bhamani et al. 2015 ;Gauvin, 2003). Which means that the benefits of physical activity, both for the physical and mental health of the elderly have been shown by a number of studies.
Some studies have found that physical activity may moderate the relationship between mental health or physical health status and bodily function (Yuan et al. 2020;Hu and Yang, 2018;Palmer et al., 2012). Physical activity that is recommended to maintain mental health is an activity that is aerobic and recreational sports such as walking, running, playing or cycling, because of the activity.These physical benefits bring social and mood benefits. In its performance it must consider the frequency and duration of physical activity. This is as revealed   Collingwood (2000) stated that physical exercise can improve self-esteem. That way this cycling activity can have a positive impact on elderly self-esteem.
Participation in sports and physical activity can affect mental well-being, boosting self-esteem (Howells and Bowen 2016;The Mental Health Foundation, 2013).
According to Tremblay (2000) found that the association between physical activity and academic achievement was weak but participation in physical activity was positively associated with higher levels of self-esteem. Then Barton (2012) found a significant positive change in self-esteem after doing exercise. Active physical activity, of course, has a positive effect on all ages including the elderly.
These positive changes include psychological well-being including mental health and self-esteem in it.  Based on the calculations in table 4 is known, sig value. 2-tailed) of 0,00 < 0.05 which means there is a difference in self-esteem in the elderly aged 60-74 years between those who actively cycle and those who are not actively exercising.
Involvement in regular exercise and physical activity programs that improve skills, knowledge, fitness, and health are associated with improved self-perception (Fox, 1997;Spence, McGannon, and Poon 2005). According to Ferdowsi (2010) reported that significant differences in self-esteem and mental health between the experimental group and the control group after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise.
Moral-García (2018) said in his research, elderly people who do physical activity exercises regularly show higher positive self-esteem. That way the elderly who are active cycling will show a higher level of self-esteem and vice versa, who are not active cycling shows a higher level of self-esteem low.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that cycling activities can have a positive impact on mental health and self-esteem of elderly aged 45-55 years (middle age) and elderly aged 60-74 years (elderly),and through cycling activities there are differences in mentalhealth and self-esteem.
among the elderly who are actively cycling and not actively exercising. The recommendations for the next study expanded the variables and focused on factors based on gender, educational background, economic class.