The Effect of Court Tennis Game Modification on The Improvement of Gross Motor Skills of Elementary School Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31851/hon.v9i2.22511Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effect of modified tennis games on improving the gross motor skills of elementary school students aged 6-8 years. The study was motivated by the importance of developing children's gross motor skills through sports activities that are engaging, safe, and appropriate to their developmental characteristics. This study employed a quantitative approach using an experimental method with a Pre-Experimental Design, specifically a One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The participants consisted of 30 students from Grades 1–3 of SD Negeri Cisaat, Cisaat Village, Ciater District, who received treatment through modified tennis game activities for one month or 16 sessions. Gross motor skills were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3), which measures locomotor skills ball skills (object control). Measurements were conducted before the treatment (pretest) and after the treatment (posttest). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a Paired Sample t-test to determine the difference in gross motor skill performance before and after the treatment. Based on the data used in the analysis, the mean gross motor skill score increased from 49.73 in the pretest to 64.63 in the posttest, representing a mean increase of 14.90 points, or approximately 29.96%. Individually, all 30 students demonstrated an increase in their scores from the pretest to the posttest. These findings indicate a positive change in students' gross motor skills after participating in modified tennis game activities for 16 sessions. The results of the Paired Sample t-test were subsequently used to determine the statistical significance of the observed improvement. Therefore, modified tennis games have the potential to serve as an effective sports activity for improving the gross motor skills of elementary school students, particularly locomotor and object-control skills.
References
Buszard, T., Garofolini, A., Reid, M., Farrow, D., Oppici, L., & Whiteside, D. (2020). Scaling sports equipment for children promotes functional movement variability. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 3111. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59475-5
Buszard, T., Reid, M., Masters, R., & Farrow, D. (2016). Scaling the Equipment and Play Area in Children’s Sport to improve Motor Skill Acquisition: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 46(6), 829–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0452-2
Gallahue, D. L., Ozmun, J. C., & Goodway, J. D. (2021). Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Gould, D., & Carson, S. (2008). Life skills development through sport: Current status and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1, 58–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840701834573
Hasan, H. A., Adi, S., Hariyanto, E., Khongrungchok, A., Oktaviani, H. I., & Fajarianto, O. (2023). Physical Activity with Play and Game Model to Improve the Cognitive of Elementary School Students. Edcomtech: Jurnal Kajian Teknologi Pendidikan, 8(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.17977/um039v8i12023p49
Kirk, D. (2022). Physical Education Futures. Routledge.
Liu, H. L. V., Sun, F., Anderson, D. I., & Tse, C. Y. A. (2025). The Effect of Physical Activity Intervention on Motor Proficiency in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 56(1), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-023-01546-5
Logan, S. W., Ross, S. M., Chee, K., Stodden, D. F., & Robinson, L. E. (2021). Fundamental motor skills: A systematic review of terminology. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(7), 781–796.
Lopes, V. P., Stodden, D. F., & Rodrigues, L. P. (2017). Effectiveness of physical education to promote motor competence in primary school children. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 22(6), 589–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2017.1341474
Sari, E. F. N., Julianti, R. R., Siregar, N. M., & Sukiri, S. (2020). Locomotor Basic Movement Levels in Improving the Health of Elementary School Students. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 8(6A), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2020.080703
Setiawan, L., Hendrayana, Y., & Mahendra, A. (2020). Pengaruh program motor cognitive coordination training terhadap gross motor skill dan working memory dalam pendidikan jasmani. Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Pendidikan, 13(2), 94–109. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpipfip.v13i2.29279
Siregar, N. M. (2020). Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani Anak Usia Dini dan Sekolah Dasar. Raja Grafindo Persada.
Sriwahyuniati, C. F., Nasrulloh, A., Rismayanthi, C., Hermawan, H. A., & Yuliawan, D. (2026). Developing a gymnastics-based fundamental movement model to enhance motor development in elementary school students. Jurnal SPORTIF : Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 11(3), 477–493. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v11i3.26452
Sukiri, S., Widyawan, D., Setiawan, I., Pelana, R., Sari, E. F. N., & Razali, R. (2024). The effect of sport education on empowerment and self-confidence. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 43(3), 737–745. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v43i3.60078
Ulrich, D. A. (2019). Test of Gross Motor Development: Examiner’s Manual. PRO-ED.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Divya Zuhra Rahmawati, Nofi Marlina Siregar, Zulham, Diah Fauzi, Mela Aryani, Arisman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. License
Use of articles will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA)
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
Halaman Olahraga Nusantara's spirit is to disseminate articles published are as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons license, Halaman Olahraga Nusantara permits users to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work. Users will also need to attribute authors and Halaman Olahraga Nusantara on distributing works in the journal and other media of publications.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain all their rights to the published works, such as (but not limited to) the following rights;
1. Copyright and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
2. The right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
3. The right to reproduce the article for own purposes,
4. The right to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article's published version (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal Halaman Olahraga Nusantara.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was jointly prepared by more than one author, any authors submitting the manuscript warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to be agreed on this copyright and license notice (agreement) on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this policy. Halaman Olahraga Nusantara will not be held liable for anything that may arise due to the author(s) internal dispute. Halaman Olahraga Nusantara will only communicate with the corresponding author.
6. Royalties
Being an open accessed journal and disseminating articles for free under the Creative Commons license term mentioned, author(s) aware that Halaman Olahraga Nusantara entitles the author(s) to no royalties or other fees.
