RESTORASI HUTAN MANGROVE TERDEGRADASI BERBASIS MASYARAKAT LOKAL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31851/indobiosains.v1i1.2298Abstract
Mangrove forests are the main ecosystem of life support in coastal areas that have important ecological functions.Although the mangrove forests have many important functions in the coastal areas but excessive used and not oriented to sustainabilitycause degradation of mangrove forest ecosystems. The main cause of mangrove forests degradation in the world is due to anthropogenic influences such as agricultural activities, plantations, fish and shrimp ponds, settlements, loggings (legal logging and illegal logging), pollution, mining and salt ponds. Therefore, local community participation is needed tocontrolthe utilization of mangrove forests. In addition, local people living in coastal areas are at the forefront in mangrove forests restoration because they require the existence of sustainable mangrove forest and have local wisdom that has been tested. Ecological functions and economic functions of mangrove forest ecosystems can be maintained through increasing public awareness of the importance of preservation, in order to reach the optimization and sustainability of the mangrove forests. The local communityparticipation should be supported by government, NGOs and researchers/academics.
Hutan mangrove merupakan ekosistem utama pendukung kehidupan di wilayah pesisir yang memiliki fungsiekologisyang penting. Walaupun hutan mangrove memiliki banyak fungsi penting di wilayah pesisir namun sering kali pemanfaatan yang berlebihan dan tidak berorientasi pada keberlanjutan telah menyebabkan degradasi terhadap ekosistem hutan mangrove. Penyebab utama degradasi hutan mangrove di dunia adalah akibat pengaruh antropogenik berupa aktivitas pertanian, perkebunan, tambak ikan dan udang, pembangunan pemukiman, penebangan kayu (legal logging dan illegal logging), pencemaran, pertambangan dan tambak garam.Oleh karena itu peran serta masyarakat lokal sangat diperlukan dalam upaya mengontrol laju penggunaan hutan mangrove. Disamping itu, masyarakat lokal yang hidup di wilayah pesisir merupakan ujung tombak dalam merestorasi kawasan hutan mangrove karena mereka membutuhkan keberadaan hutan mangrove yang lestari serta memiliki kearifan lokal yang telah teruji. Fungsi ekologis dan ekonomis ekosistem hutan mangrove dapat dipelihara melalui peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya pelestarian, sehingga tercapai optimalisasi dan keberlanjutan pengelolaan kawasan tersebut. Peran masyarakat tersebut harus pula didukung oleh peran pemerintah, LSM dan peneliti/akademisi.
References
Alwidakdo, A., Azham, Z. dan Kamarubayana, L. 2014.Studi Pertumbuhan Mangrove pada Kegiatan Rehabilitasi Hutan Mangrove di Desa Tanjung Limau Kecamatan Muara Badak Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. Jurnal Agrifor, XIII (1): 11-18.
Anwar, C. dan Gunawan, H. 2006. Peranan Ekologis dan Sosial Ekonomis Hutan Mangrove dalam Mendukung Pembangunan Wilayah Pesisir. Prosiding Ekspose Hasil- hasil Penelitian. Makalah Utama
pada Ekspose Hasil-hasil Penelitian: Konservasi dan Rehabilitasi Sumberdaya Hutan (23-34). Padang, 20 September 2006.
Aswani, S., Christie, P., Muthiga, N.A., Mahon, R., Primavera, J.H., Cramer, L.A., Barbier, E.B., Granek, E.F., Kennedy, C.J., Wolanski, E. dan Hacker, S. 2012. The Way Forward with Ecosystem-Based Management in Tropical Contexts: Reconciling with Existing Management Systems. Marine Policy, 36: 1-10.
Bosire, J.O., Guebas, F.D., Walton, M.,
Crona, B.I., Lewis, R.R., Field, C., Kairo, J.G. dan Koedam, N. 2008. Functionality of Restored Mangroves: A Review. Aquatic Botany, 89: 251–259.
Bosire, J.O., Kaino,J.J., Olagoke, A.O., Mwihaki, L.M., Ogendi, G.M., Kairo, J.G., Berger, U. dan Macharia,
D. 2014. Mangroves in Peril: Unprecedented Degradation Rates of Peri-Urban Mangroves in Kenya. Biogeosciences, 11: 2623-2634.
Chakraborty, S.K. 2013.Interactions of Environmental Variables Determining the Biodiversity of Coastal-Mangrove Ecosystem of West Bengal, India.The Ecoscan, 3: 251-265.
DasGupta, R. dan Shaw, R. 2013. Cumulative Impacts of Human Interventions andClimate Change on Mangrove Ecosystems of South andSoutheast Asia: An Overview. Journal of Ecosystems, 2013: 1-15.
Dat, P.T. dan Yoshino, K. 2013. Comparing Mangrove Forest Management in Hai Phong City, Vietnam Towards Sustainable Aquaculture. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 17: 109-
Di Nitto, D.D., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Kairo, J.G., Decleir, H. dan Koedam, N., 2008.Digital Terrain Modelling to Investigate the Effects of Sea Level Rise on Mangrove Propagule Establishment.Marine Ecology Progress Series, 356:175-188.
Eddy, S., Iskandar, I., Ridho, M.R. dan Mulyana, A. 2017.Land cover changes in the Air Telang Protected Forest, South Sumatra, Indonesia (1989-2013). Biodiversitas, 18
(4):1538–1545.
Eddy, S., Mulyana, A., Ridho, M.R. dan Iskandar, I. 2015.Dampak Aktivitas Antropogenik terhadap Degradasi Hutan Mangrove di Indonesia. Jurnal Lingkungan dan Pembangunan, 1(3): 240-254.
Eddy, S., Ridho, M.R., Iskandar, I. dan Mulyana, A. 2016.Community- Based Mangrove Forests Conservation for Sustainable Fisheries.Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 07(3): S42-S47.
Erwiantono. 2006. The Community Participation in Mangrove Ecosystem Management in Pangpang Bay, Muncar – Banyuwangi. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan dan Perencanaan (EPP), 3(1): 44-50.
Fachrul, M.F. 2007. Metode Sampling Bioekologi. Bumi Aksara. Jakarta.
Fatoyinbo, T.E., Simard, M., Allen,
R.A.W. dan Shugart, H.H. 2008. Landscape-Scale Extent, Height, Biomass, and Carbon Estimation of Mozambique’s Mangrove Forests with Landsat ETM+ and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Elevation Data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113: 1-13.
Jamili, Setiadi, D., Qayim, I. dan Guhardja, E. 2009. Struktur dan Komposisi Mangrove di Pulau Kaledupa Taman Nasional Wakatobi, Sulawesi Tenggara. Ilmu Kelautan, 14(4): 36-45.
Jones, T.G., Ratsimba, H.R., Ravaoarinorotsihoarana, L., Cripps,
G. dan Bey, A. 2014. Ecological Variability and Carbon Stock Estimates of Mangrove Ecosystems in Northwestern Madagascar. Forests, 5: 177:205.
Kairo, J.G., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Bosire,
J. dan Koedam, N. 2001.Restoration and Management of Mangrove Systems − ALesson for and from the East African Region.South African Journal of Botany, 67:383-389.
Kelompok Kerja Mangrove Tingkat Nasional. 2013. Strategi Nasional Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove Indonesia, Buku I Strategi dan Program. Kementerian Kehutanan RI. Jakarta.
Khazali, M. 2005. Panduan Teknis Penanaman Mangrove Bersama Masyarakat. Wetlands International- Indonesia Programme. Bogor.
Komiyama, A. 2014. Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystems Through the Eyes of A production Ecologist. Agricultural Science, 2: 11-20.
Kusmana, C. 2009. Pengelolaan Sistem Mangrove Secara Terpadu. Workshop Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove di Jawa Barat, Jatinangor. Jawa Barat.
Kusmana, C. 2014. Distribution and Current Status of Mangrove Forest in Indonesia. Dalam Hanum, F., Latiff, A., Hakeem, K.R. dan Ozturk, M. (Eds.), Mangrove Ecosystems ofAsia: Status, Challenges and Management Strategies (37-60). Springer Science+Business Media New York. New York.
Laulikitnont, P. 2014. Evaluation of Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration Success in Southeast Asia. Master’s Projects. University of San Francisco.
Li, M.S., Mao, L.J., Shen, W.J., Liu, S.Q.
dan Wei, A.S. 2013. Change and Fragmentation Trends of Zhanjiang Mangrove Forests in Southern China Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Imagery (1977-2010).Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 130: 111-
Miettinen, J., Shi, C. dan Liew, S.C. 2011. Deforestation Rates in Insular Southeast Asia Between 2000 and 2010. Global Change Biology, 17:
-2270.
Mukherjee, N., Sutherland, W.J., Khan, M.N.I., Berger, U., Schmitz, N., Guebas, F.D. dan Koedam, N. 2014. Using Expert Knowledge and Modeling to Deï¬ne Mangrove Composition, Functioning, and Threats and Estimate Time Frame for Recovery. Ecology and Evolution, 4(11): 2247-2262.
Mulyadi, M. 2013. Empowerment of Indigenous People in Development (Indigenous People Case Studies in Battang Palopo City South Sulawesi).Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 10(4): 224-
Nagelkerken, I., Blaber, S.J.M., Bouillon, S., Green, P., Haywood, M., Kirton, L.G., Meynecke, J.-O., Pawlik, J., Penrose, H.M., Sasekumar, A. dan Somerfield. 2008. The Habitat of Mangrove for Terestrial and Marine
Fauna: A Review. Aquatic Botany,
(2008): 155-185.
Pontoh, O. 2011. Peranan Nelayan terhadap Rehabilitasi Ekosistem Hutan Bakau (Mangrove). Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan Tropis, 7(2): 73-79.
Pramudji. 2003. Keanekaragaman Flora di Hutan Mangrove Kawasan Pesisir Teluk Mandar, Polewali, Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan: Kajian Pendahuluan. Biota, VIII(3): 135- 142.
Primack, R.B., Supriatna, J., Indrawan, M. dan Kramadibrata, P. 1998. Biologi Konservasi. Yayasan Obar Indonesia. Jakarta.
Ritohardoyo, S. dan Ardi, G.B. 2011. Arahan Kebijakan Pengelolaan Hutan mangrove: Kasus Pesisir Kecamatan Teluk Pakedai, Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Propinsi Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Geografi, 8(2): 83-94.
Salim, A.R., Purnaweni, H. dan Hidayat,
W. 2011. Kajian Pemanfaatan Ruang Kawasan Pesisir Kabupaten Bone Bolango Yang Berwawasan Lingkungan (Studi Kasus Desa Botubarani Dan Desa Huangobotu). Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 9(1):39-47.
Setyawan, A.D., Indrowuryatno, Wiryanto, Winarno, K. dan Susilowati, A. 2005. Tumbuhan mangrove di Pesisir jawa Tengah: 2. Komposisi dan Struktur Vegetasi. Biodiversitas, 6(3): 194-198.
Strauch, A.M., Cohen, S. dan Ellmore,
G.S. 2012. Environmental Influences on the Distribution of Mangroves on Bahamas Island.Journal of Wetlands Ecology, 6:16-24.
Supriharyono. 2000. Pelestarian dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam di Wilayah Pesisir Tropis. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
Triyanto, Wijaya, N.I., Widiyanto, T., Yuniarti, I., Setiawan, F. dan Lestari,
F.S. 2012. Pengembangan Silvofishery Kepiting Bakau (Scylla serrata) dalam Pemanfaatan Kawasan Mangrove di Kabupaten Berau, Kalimantan Timur. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Limnologi VI, 739-751.
Thu, P.M. dan Populus, J. 2007.Status and Changes of Mangrove Forest in Mekong Delta: Case Study in Tra Vinh, Vietnam. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 71: 98-109.
Walters, B.B., Ronnback, P., Kovacs, J.M., Crona, B., Hussain, S.A., Badola, R., Primavera, J.H., Barbier,
E. dan Guebas, F.D. 2008. Ethnobiology, Socio-Economics and Management of Mangrove Forests: A Review. Aquatic Botany, 89: 220– 236.
Wibowo, K. dan Handayani, T. 2006. Pelestarian Hutan Mangrove melalui Pendekatan Mina Hutan (Silvofishery).Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, 7(3): 227-233.
Zamroni, Y. dan Rohyani, I.S. 2008. Litterfall Production of Mangrove Forest in the Beach Waters of Sepi Bay, West Lombok, Biodiversitas, 9(4): 284-287.
