Handling Ethical Misconduct

The journal takes allegations of research or publication misconduct seriously. Such allegations may include plagiarism, data fabrication or falsification, duplicate publication, inappropriate authorship, undisclosed conflicts of interest, and other violations of publication ethics.

When concerns arise, the editorial team will assess the available evidence, seek clarification from the relevant parties where appropriate, and determine suitable action in accordance with the journal's policies and applicable ethical guidelines.

Actions may include requesting clarification or corrections, rejecting a manuscript, publishing a correction or retraction, or notifying relevant institutions when warranted by the circumstances.