Penilaian Indikator Potensi Risiko Penyakit Pada Sumber Air Berdasarkan Karakteristik Fisika-Kimia Dan Mikrobiologi Untuk Budidaya Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31851/bbrxp175Keywords:
Litopenaeus vannamei , risiko penyakit, Kualitas Air, Vibrio spp., biosekuritiAbstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai indikator potensi risiko penyakit pada sumber air baku muara berdasarkan integrasi karakteristik fisika-kimia, komunitas plankton, dan profil mikrobiologi untuk mendukung biosekuriti budidaya udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) di Kecamatan Pante Raja, Kabupaten Pidie Jaya. Pengambilan sampel air dilakukan pada bulan April 2025 menggunakan metode purposive sampling di tiga stasiun: saluran pemukiman (Stasiun 1), tengah tambak (Stasiun 2), dan muara laut (Stasiun 3) pada kondisi air pasang (pukul 14.00 WIB). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya gradien spasial potensi risiko penyakit yang signifikan dari darat menuju laut. Stasiun 1 tergolong risiko tinggi stres lingkungan kronis akibat akumulasi amonia tak terionisasi (: 0,80 mg/L), hidrogen sulfida (: 0,06 mg/L), dan padatan tersuspensi (TSS: 95,0 mg/L) yang melampaui baku mutu PP No. 22 Tahun 2021. Stasiun 3 terbukti menjadi lokasi sumber air baku terbaik dengan kelarutan oksigen terlarut tertinggi (DO: 5,51 mg/L), konsentrasi (0,30 mg/L), (0,02 mg/L), dan TSS (37,5 mg/L) terendah, serta didominasi fitoplankton pakan alami (Tetraselmis sp. dan Thalassiosira sp.). Namun demikian, ditemukannya bakteri patogen oportunistik agen AHPND dan Vibriosis (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, dan V. alginolyticus) di seluruh stasiun serta kondisi pH alkalis (8,85) pada Stasiun 3 mengindikasikan adanya risiko penyakit yang terbawa air baku. Disimpulkan bahwa muara laut (Stasiun 3) merupakan sumber air baku paling potensial, tetapi memerlukan penerapan biosekuriti berbasis risiko berupa pengendapan, stabilisasi pH, dan sterilisasi di kolam tandon sebelum dialirkan ke kolam budidaya
This study aimed to assess potential disease risk indicators in estuarine water sources based on the integration of physicochemical characteristics, plankton communities, and microbiological profiles to support biosecurity in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture in Pante Raja District, Pidie Jaya Regency. Water sampling was conducted in April 2025 using a purposive sampling method across three stations: residential channels (Station 1), middle pond areas (Station 2), and the river mouth/estuary (Station 3) during high tide at 14:00 WIB. The results revealed a significant spatial gradient of disease risk potential from land toward the sea. Station 1 was classified as a high risk for chronic environmental stress due to the accumulation of unionized ammonia (: 0.80 mg/L), hydrogen sulfide (: 0.06 mg/L), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS: 95.0 mg/L), which exceeded national quality standards. Station 3 proved to be the most optimal intake water source, recording the highest dissolved oxygen (DO: 5.51 mg/L) alongside the lowest concentrations of (0.30 mg/L), (0.02 mg/L), and TSS (37.5 mg/L), while being dominated by beneficial live feed phytoplankton (Tetraselmis sp. and Thalassiosira sp.). Nevertheless, the isolation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria causing AHPND and Vibriosis (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. alginolyticus) across all stations, along with alkaline pH levels (8.85) at Station 3, indicated persistent waterborne disease risks. It is concluded that the estuarine area (Station 3) represents the most viable water intake source, though it strictly requires risk-based biosecurity measures including sedimentation, pH stabilization, and water sterilization in reservoir ponds prior to pond introduction.
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